When Can You Sue Your Employer After a Workplace Injury?

When you are injured on the job, you likely will be able to recover compensation from your employer only through workers' compensation law.

Employees in all 50 states and federal employees are covered under either state or federal workers' compensation laws.

This means that you cannot file a regular lawsuit for damages related to a workplace injury or illness (with narrow exceptions described below). In legal terms, filing a workers' compensation claim is your "exclusive remedy" for a work-related accident, cumulative trauma injury, or occupational disease.

Hurt at Work? Here's When You Can File a Lawsuit Against Your Employer

There are some limited circumstances which allow you to file a lawsuit against your employer in civil court.

You are entitled to file a lawsuit if:

• Your employer intentionally hurt you. To be able to sue your employer for intentional harm, your employer must have taken some action with the specific and direct intent of harming you. For example, an intentional harm could be your boss punching you in the face. This means intentional acts only, not your employer's negligence at failing to protect your health and safety. Carelessness, even in the most extreme forms, is still insufficient to amount to an intentional harm in this case.
• Your employer has insufficient workers' compensation insurance, or no workers' compensation insurance. Texas is the only state that allows employers to not have any form of workers' compensation insurance. Employers in other states may have insufficient workers' compensation insurance or no insurance because they have broke the law. In most states, you can file a lawsuit against your employer to recover damages from your work-related injury or occupational disease.
• You were injured by a third party. Whether your injury occurred due to the actions of a customer, a visitor, a passerby, or someone else, you might be able to sue your employer or the third party in court for damages related to your injury.

It is important to note that if your workers' compensation claim is denied, you still may not file a lawsuit against your employer. Instead, you can file an appeal with the administrative agency in your state that governs workers' compensation appeals, usually the workers' comp appeals board.

How to Sue Your Employer Outside of the Workers' Comp System

You will need to file specific documents to begin the lawsuit. You file the personal injury lawsuits in the state where you live, where your employer is located, or where the injury occurred.

If these states are not all the same, you should talk to an attorney to ensure that you file your lawsuit in the correct jurisdiction. Filing a personal injury lawsuit against your employer is fairly complex; few people attempt it on their own.

If you are eligible to file a civil lawsuit, call or email a local workers' comp or personal injury attorney for a consultation as soon as possible about your rights and whether to file a lawsuit.

Statute of limitation deadlines for filing personal injury lawsuits can be short, sometimes as little as one year. The extra damages that a lawyer will help you get for pain and suffering or punitive damages often more than pay for the lawyer's fee.

Types of Damages Available From a Lawsuit

If you are eligible to file a lawsuit against your employer in civil court, you won't be limited to the amounts provided by workers' compensation benefits. In addition to lost wages, reimbursement for medical treatment, and compensation for any permanent impairment, you may be able to sue for pain and suffering and punitive damages.

Punitive damages can be a sum of money many times the amount of actual damages you incurred, especially in the case of egregiously bad behavior on your employer's part.

How to Prove a Case Against Your Employer After a Workplace Injury

First, be prepared to show the judge that you are eligible to sue your employer (this means proving that your employer intentionally hurt you, or that your employer has insufficient workers' compensation insurance).

Proving intent can be difficult, especially because the employer will likely have an experienced attorney to argue that the employer did not act intentionally, and that your case should be handled as a workers' compensation claim.

To establish your personal injury claim, you must be also prepared to prove that you sustained an injury or illness related to your employment. You will need to show, with legally acceptable evidence, that your employer did something wrong to cause your injury. This is different from a standard workers' compensation case, in which you only have to show that the injury or illness arose at work, or in the course and scope of your employment.

You'll also need must show the court what damages you incurred, including medical bills, lost wages, and compensation permanent physical or mental impairment.

For more information on suing your employer, see When You Can Sue Outside of Workers' Compensation.

Workers' Comp Claim vs. Lawsuit: Pros and Cons

There are benefits to filing a workers' compensation claim instead of a lawsuit, including the following:

• Workers' compensation allows you to begin receiving monetary and medical benefits immediately, as long as you are eligible for those benefits.
• Your employer will pay for almost all claim-related medical care.
• You may receive compensation for lost wages and permanent disability benefits if you are unable to work as a result of your injury or illness.

The drawback to a workers' compensation claim as opposed to a regular civil lawsuit is that, in a workers' compensation claim, you cannot recover punitive damages. Your benefits will be limited to those allowed by the workers' compensation laws in your state, and are usually tied to a percentage of your wages.

Why You Should Talk to a Workers' Comp or Personal Injury Lawyer

If you've been injured at work and want to sue your employer outside of the workers' comp system, you'll need an experienced lawyer on your side. A workers' comp or personal injury lawyer (many law firms can handle both sorts of claims) will be able to advise you on whether your claim is likely to succeed outside of the workers' comp system.

A lawyer can also give you an estimate of the possible compensation you might be entitled to in each system.

FAQs: Suing Your Employer After a Workplace Injury

Can I sue my employer if I get hurt at work?

In most cases, no. Workers' compensation laws generally prevent employees from suing their employers for workplace injuries. Instead, you receive medical care and partial wage replacement through workers' comp. However, there are exceptions where a lawsuit may be possible.

When can I sue my employer after a workplace injury?

You may be able to sue if your employer intentionally caused your injury, failed to carry workers' comp insurance, or engaged in grossly unsafe practices. Each state has different rules, so it's important to check your local laws.

What if my employer does not have workers' comp insurance?

If your employer was legally required to carry workers' comp but failed to do so, you may have the right to sue them directly in civil court. In this situation, you could potentially recover more damages than through workers' comp alone.

Can I sue my employer for negligence?

Usually, negligence claims are barred by workers' comp. But if your employer acted with reckless disregard for safety, or knowingly exposed you to extreme hazards, some states allow you to bring a lawsuit. Proving negligence at this level can be difficult, so hiring a lawyer is essential.

What if a third party caused my workplace injury?

If someone other than your employer caused your injury, you can sue that third party. For example, you might sue the manufacturer of defective equipment, a careless driver, or a contractor. This type of claim is called a "third-party lawsuit."

Can I sue my employer for emotional distress after an injury?

Workers' comp usually does not cover emotional distress unless it is linked to a physical injury. However, if your employer intentionally caused you psychological harm, some states allow you to sue. These cases can be complex and may require strong evidence; consider hiring a lawyer.

What damages can I recover if I sue my employer?

Unlike workers' comp, which mainly covers medical bills and lost wages, a lawsuit can provide broader damages. This may include pain and suffering, emotional distress, and in some cases, punitive damages meant to punish your employer's conduct.

Do I need a lawyer to sue my employer after a workplace injury?

It's strongly recommended. Suing your employer is complicated and depends heavily on state law. A lawyer can help determine if your case qualifies for an exception and guide you through the legal process to maximize your recovery.